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Sains Malaysiana 54(11)(2025): 2617-2632
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5411-04
Performance of Ganoderma lucidum Biomass and β-Glucan as Functional Feed for African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
on Immuno-Oxidative Defenses
(Prestasi Biojisim Ganoderma lucidum dan β-Glukan sebagai Makanan Fungsian untuk Ikan Keli Afrika (Clarias gariepinus) terhadap Pertahanan Imuno-Oksidatif)
GREMA YERIMA1,2,8, NORHIDAYAH
MOHD TAUFEK2, ZUL ILHAM3, MUHAMAD HAFIZ ABD RAHIM4,
NURUL AQILAH MOHD ZAINI5, NOR HIDAYAH ISMAIL6, AYU
LANA NAFISYAH7 & WAN ABD AL QADR IMAD WAN-MOHTAR7,8*
1Department of Biological Sciences, Yobe
State University, Damaturu, 620001 Nigeria
2Aqua Nutri Biotechnology Laboratory,
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3Environmental Science and Management
Program, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
4Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food
Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
5Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
6Research Grant Management Division, Department
of Research Management, Universiti Malaya, 50603
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
7Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of
Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C UNAIR Mulyorejo,
Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
8Functional Omics and Bioprocess
Development Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Received: 17 March 2025/Accepted: 13
October 2025
This study evaluated the effects of
dietary Ganoderma lucidum biomass and β-glucan on growth, organ
function, and immune response in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
over a 60-day feeding period. The experiment consisted of five groups: T1 (10 g
biomass/3 g β-glucan), T2 (15 g biomass/3 g β-glucan), T3 (20 g
biomass/3 g β-glucan), C1 (formulated feed without biomass/β-glucan),
and C2 (commercial feed), respectively. Post-feeding analyses were performed on
various liver function parameters, including serum total protein, albumin, globulin,
bilirubin, phosphate, magnesium, cholesterol, and glucose levels, as well as
liver metabolic enzymes. The kidney function was assessed via serum sodium,
potassium, chloride, total carbon dioxide, anion gap, and urea, while the
immunomodulatory effects of the diet were investigated on white blood cell
counts (WBC) and absolute leucocyte counts. Results demonstrated that the
combined diet of G. lucidum biomass and β-glucan significantly
increased body weight and length, improved kidney and liver function (as
indicated by favorable changes in serum biochemical markers and liver enzymes),
and enhanced immune parameters by stabilizing white blood cell and leukocyte
counts of African catfish. Group T2, containing 15 g G. lucidum biomass and 3 g β-glucan, exhibited the best performance in providing
higher growth, effective liver and kidney functioning, and enhanced immunity in
African catfish (C. gariepinus), making it a recommended concentration
in this study.
Keywords: African catfish;
β-glucan; Ganoderma lucidum; immunity; kidney function; liver
function
Abstrak
Penyelidikan ini menilai kesan
diet biojisim Ganoderma lucidum dan β-glukan terhadap pertumbuhan,
fungsi organ dan tindak balas imun ikan keli Afrika (Clarias gariepinus)
sepanjang tempoh pemakanan 60 hari. Uji kaji ini dibahagikan kepada lima
kumpulan: T1 (10 g biojisim/3 g β-glukan), T2 (15 g biojisim/3 g
β-glukan), T3 (20 g biojisim/3 g β-glukan), C1 (formula makanan tanpa
biojisim/β-glukan) dan C2 (makanan komersial). Analisis selepas pemberian
makanan dilakukan terhadap pelbagai parameter fungsi hati, termasuk jumlah
protein serum, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, fosfat, magnesium, kolesterol dan
tahap glukosa, serta enzim metabolik hati. Fungsi buah pinggang dinilai melalui
natrium, kalium, klorida, jumlah karbon dioksida, jurang anion dan urea di
dalam serum, manakala kesan imunomodulator diet dikaji dengan kiraan sel darah
putih (WBC) dan kiraan leukosit mutlak. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa gabungan diet
biojisim dan β-glukan G. lucidum meningkatkan berat dan panjang
badan dengan ketara, meningkatkan fungsi buah pinggang dan hati (seperti yang
ditunjukkan oleh perubahan yang menggalakkan dalam penanda biokimia serum dan
enzim hati) dan meningkatkan parameter imun dengan menstabilkan jumlah sel
darah putih dan leukosit ikan keli Afrika. Kumpulan T2, yang mengandungi 15 g
biojisim dan 3 g β-glukan menunjukkan prestasi terbaik dengan menyokong
pertumbuhan yang lebih baik, fungsi hati dan buah pinggang yang lebih berkesan
dan meningkatkan imuniti dalam ikan keli Afrika (C. gariepinus),
menjadikannya kepekatan yang disyorkan dalam kajian ini.
Kata kunci: β-glukan;
fungsi buah pinggang; fungsi hati; Ganoderma lucidum; ikan keli Afrika;
imuniti
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*Corresponding author; email: qadyr@um.edu.my
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